Effectiveness of Utilitarianism as a Modern Moral Theory

For men, there are two avenues to reason. Morality: the appeal to human emotions and a sense of intrinsic good, and logic: the appeal to human understanding of the world. While a number of moral theories exist, none of them is more well documented that Utilitarianism, which focuses on the maximization of total utility. I will discuss the theory initially, and then identify the major problems associated with it. I will conclude with a rationale as to how effective Utilitarianism is as a modern moral theory. Utilitarianism is quite a broad theory, with different constructs. However, the underlying agenda is the same: actions should be aimed such that the greatest good occurs for the greatest number. Theorist Jeremy Bentham can be attributed with the inception of the theory, while later developments were headed by J.S Mills. Utilitarianism takes a quantitative approach to life, and tells us that every action should seek to maximize happiness. John Stuart Mill in his book Utilitarianism, states, In the golden rule of Jesus of Nazareth, we recite the comprehensive spirit of the ethics of utility. To behave as do by others, and to love ones neighbour as oneself, establish the basic rightness of utilitarian morality. The value of an action is only judged by its consequences. In many ways, Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism. Bentham describes Utilitarianism in its simplest form, â€Å"it is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right andShow MoreRelat edControversy Between the Existence of God Essay example1451 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween the moral beliefs of secular humanists and the beliefs under study. When one says that the non-existence of God leads to the fact that everything is permitted, one implies that there is a crucial link between the existence of God and morality. In other word, it may be summarized that the statement under study suggests viewing God as the source of morality. This suggestion brings one close to the divine command theory. As one of most well known meta-ethical theories, divine command theory lies inRead MoreCritique Of - Applying Ethical Theories: Interpreting and Responding to Student Plagiarism, Journal of Business Ethics1310 Words   |  6 Pages Manchester Metropolitan University Business School Research Methods Assessment 1: Critical Writing (15%) Granitz, N. and D. Loewy (2007), Applying Ethical Theories: Interpreting and Responding to Student Plagiarism, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 72, pp 293-306. Summary Plagiarism in todays â€Å"copy and paste generation† is an unremitting, complex issue that is not yet fully understood. The paper responds to this proposition with a thesis that understanding the ethical reasoning providedRead MoreThe Pressures on Healthcare Organizations1910 Words   |  8 Pagesincreasing pressure to improve their operations, provide evidence of their continued quality, and the efficiency of the organization. For the modern organization, this means that managers who have traditionally focused on the quality of care now must now change paradigms in mid-stream and review the overall management practice for the sake of effectiveness, patient safety, and even cutting edge techniques (Kujala Lillrank, 2006). In fact, this is so critical that reports from the Institute of MedicineRead More The Fight for Human Rights Essay3126 Words   |  13 PagesMill, Robert Nozick, and John Rawls provide a philosophic framework for evaluating the security-for-rights compromise. Though their respective theories vary greatly in theory and in practice, they provide models to condemn this exchange. Neve rtheless, each differs in the persuasiveness and effectiveness of their tools for argumentation. Mill’s utilitarianism, Nozick’s libertarianism, and Rawls’ egalitarian liberalism reject the tradeoff of security for a majority in exchange for the violation of theRead MoreCriticisms Against Ethical Theories8474 Words   |  34 PagesCriticisms leveled against Ethical Theories 1. Criticisms leveled against Consequentialism. Consequentialism is based on the consequences of actions. It is sometimes called a teleological theory, from the Greek word telos, meaning goal. According to consequentialism, actions are right or wrong depending on whether their consequences further the goal. The goal (or, the good) can be something like the happiness of all people or the spreading of peace and safety. Anything which contributes toRead More A Case Study Depicting the Importance of Ethics in Medicine Essay4544 Words   |  19 Pages‘Work for health requires moral commitment’ (Seedhouse, 2009 p. xiviii). Therefore, the obligation rests on healthcare professionals faced with ethical dilemma in their practice to make moral decision which should promote and enhance health ( Rumbold, 1999; Sim, 1997). Ethics is concerned with the basis on which an action is determined as either right or wrong (Rumbold, 1999; MacIntyre, 2005). Therefore, ethics is the study of morality which is also known as moral philosophy (Sim, 1997; ThompsonRead Moreethical decision making16006 Words   |  65 Pagesthe three ethical dilemmas? What other information would be helpful to know about these situations to make a decision? CHAPTER FOCUS Virtue or Character Ethics Principle-Based Ethics: Developing Moral Rules Utilitarian Theories: Doing the Most Good for the Most People Deontological Theories: Balancing Rights and Obligations Justice in Health Care Values and Health Policy Ethics of Care Ethical Problems Faced by Community Nurses: The Research Ethical Decision Making Service Learning:Read MoreGlobal Marketing Leadership2244 Words   |  9 Pagesfor leaders to consider when creating marketing materials globally? Culturally we are different and should be respected however; cultural differences should be celebrated and adaptive as well if we are going to market businesses globally with effectiveness. Cultural sensitivity is needed but should not be the primary factor to marketing effectively. Cultures divide and create an ethical dilemma when marketing globally. Cultural sensitivity is often a barrier to cultural adaptability when ethics isRead MoreCsr And Organizational Leadership And The Implications For Leadership2879 Words   |  12 Pagessets a minimum of behavioural standard for corporations, below which corporate behaviour becomes socially irresponsible (Campbell, J. L., 2007). Whilst setting a minimum set of behavioural standards for corporations in defining CSR has great merit in theory, applying it across the broad spectrum of corporatio n, may well see it open to abuse as one corporations view of what is harmful to stakeholders may be very different to another’s. For another perspective on CSR, McWilliams and Siegel (2001) haveRead MoreClassical Deterrence Theory : An Examination Essay2749 Words   |  11 Pages Classical Deterrence Theory: An Examination of Four Empirical Studies Testing it and its Utility in the Modern World Natalya E. Zide California State University, Bakersfield Classical Deterrence Theory: An Examination of Four Empirical Studies Testing it and its Utility in the Modern World In the 1700s, crime was rampant across every town in every country. Constables formed small patrols from volunteers in the community and it would not be until 1829 that the first police

Midterm Assessment Analysing T-accounts Balance Sheet and Profit

Essays on Midterm Assessment: Analysing T-accounts Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account for a small US company Essay Running Head: Analyzing Financial ments of a small US company ANALYSING T-ACCOUNTS BALANCE SHEET PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT FOR A SMALL US COMPANY Customer Inserts His / Her Name Customer Inserts Grade Course Customer Inserts Tutor’s Name Assignment Part 1 - Requirements The accounting entries for each of the events, which took place within a small distribution company, have been accounted for under various relevant T accounts in Exhibit 1.1 in attached Excel sheet. Assignment Part 2 - Requirements Vertical analysis of financial statements of a Company For business purposes and to clarify the better financial position and performance of a Company, vertical analysis of financial statements of enterprises is performed in order enlighten various financial analysis and comparative outlook of a Company financial standing and result. Vertical analysis is basically the display of every line items of financial statements as a percentage or rate of gross revenues, which exactly tells that where are each penny of Company’s earned revenue is utilizing and what is its overall flow of expenditures towards attaining the final net profit for the Company (Netplaces.com, 2014). In addition, same analysis is performed with respect to balance sheet of Company as well. The vertical analysis of Profit and Loss statement and Balance sheet of a Company has been performed in Exhibit 1.2 of excel file attached. Horizontal analysis of financial statements of a Company On the other hand, the major aspect and intention behind performing and developing a horizontal analysis on any Company’ s financial statements, is to analyze and critically evaluates the figure work incorporated in such statements from one financial year to another one (Berry, 2011). This analysis is basically termed as the trend analysis in typical accounting literature, and it would clearly points out the recent trends with which a particular line item of financial statements of a company is affected with. Moreover, the horizontal analysis of Profit and Loss statement and Balance sheet of a Company has been performed in Exhibit 1.3 of excel file attached. Cash flow Statement of Company A cash flow statement of Company is prepared with the help of the financial statements of Company in Exhibit 1.4 of attached excel file. Brief Analysis on financial performance of Company A Dupont  model is used here to analyze the financial performance of Company, particular to its current year financial results accruing and forming several heads and classification of overall revenue figure that company has earned in 2013. This model successfully demonstrates the overall company performance in terms of, where its ultimate return on equity is developing from. Moreover, the prime strength of Dupont models of financial evaluation is typical means through which, it takes an indirect consideration over the broad scale of financial information to determine and analyze the ultimate outcomes which it provides on clear basis   (Guidotti, 2013). For instance, with the help of following figure, asset turnover percentage input, is indirectly flowing some great extent of informational data with regard to different facets and breakups of overall financial analysis, including line items of balance sheet, profit and loss statement, and their overall interlocking interactions. Source:  (Guidotti, 2013) However, when implementing and analyzing the financial data of the company in question, it would be much appropriate and feasible to accurately divide the overall financial performance of a company under its ultimate net of return on equity basis. Although, a core structure of such model would be quite different from one company performances to another, but, as far as our company is concerned this model would certainly depict a unique and clear mode of financial outcomes analysis with regard to company’s current and past financial performances. Key Findings The overall analysis performed and calculations made and demonstration of various set of financial techniques implicated in order to meet and critically evaluated varied financial standings and outcomes of a Company, following are some key findings as a result of this analytical report; On the basis of vertical analysis, the income statement of a company can be clearly viewed from the overall proportion or percentage of gross revenue as a product of other line item of presented in such statement. Moreover, such analysis also enabled the presentation of balance sheet framework in a more congenial manner as well, and it is due to each line item of assets and liabilities and share holders equity can be truly represented as the percentage of assets and liabilities and equity in particular. This would highly facilitate the users of financial statements as they would not need to indulge themselves in analyzing diversified and head aching figures work and terms. Moreover, horizontal analysis depicts the change in figure and proportional means of such figures, of comparative years of financial information for two years and more. With regard to company analyzed, a considerable fluctuated line items under our analysis includes the transformation of company from profit earning entity to loss generating company from 2012 to 2013, which is proportionally accruing the net change of 1300%. In addition, due to this substantial change, an overall fluctuating picture has been presented by the profit and loss statement of a company analyzed with horizontal techniques. As far as balance sheet is considered, a horizontal analysis strongly depicts and highlights two major line items in 2013 which have been significantly varied as compare to last year financial scenarios. This includes the major fall in accumulated account receivables and a rise in share capital structure of a company. However, cash flow analysis of Company provides a positive inflow of cash resources towards the company during the year, which is mainly due to the reasons of payment received from debtors, receipt of cash from banks in form of loans and accounting for non cash items from the profitability of company, including depreciation, amortization and doubtful debts expenses. REFERENCES Netplaces.com, (2014).  Vertical and Horizontal Analysis - Accounting. [online] Available at: http://www.netplaces.com/accounting/the-best-use-of-your-financial-statements/vertical-and-horizontal-analysis.htm [Accessed 19 Aug. 2014]. Berry, L. (2011).  Financial accounting demystified. 1st ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Guidotti, D. (2013).  Strengths and Shortfalls of Dupont Analysis. [online] PFhub - Business, Financial Economic News. Available at: http://www.pfhub.com/strengths-and-shortfalls-of-dupont-analysis/ [Accessed 19 Aug. 2014].

Explain the Succession Strategy at Apple Essay Sample free essay sample

Ques. 1 Please explicate the sequence scheme at Apple. How did the company select the replacement to Jobs? Steve Jobs was more than a concern leader. with vision. passion for design and merchandise excellence. wrapped in a perfectionist personality with astonishing concern understanding. His ability to take Apple comes non merely from his leading qualities. but besides his deep experience in the engineering industry. The issue Apple faced in its sequence scheme is about Jobs’ leading manner and doctrine. many people who work at Apple think that his force of personality is both august and feared in the company. This manner of leading has created a strong sense of executing and excellence at the company – but will besides be difficult to replace. During his long calling. Jobs had developed a long list of doctrines about direction which need to be incorporated into the hereafter. Apple’s Succession Strategy for Jobs: Apple University High-Impact Succession Management ® developed the undermentioned adulthood theoretical account which shows. company evolve their sequence schemes from replacing charts which enables people at all degrees to travel from function to function. Succession merely works good when there is a clear apprehension of the leading traits and competences needed at each degree. and the procedure is sponsored by executives at the top. Point to set up best patterns for sequence planning. including engaging from within. carry oning an hearing period. easing the replacement into a leading function and supplying some degree of sequence revelation to stockholders. In the instance of Apple. the board and Jobs himself were be aftering for sequence for several old ages. Behind the scenes. there has been a undertaking at Apple for several old ages to â€Å"capture the kernel of Steve Jobs direction philosophies† for coevalss in front. Under the rubric of Dean of Apple University. Joel Podolny ( former Dean of Yale Business School ) has been constructing a leading course of study around Jobs behind the scenes. It has non being seen the merchandise of this work. several ex-Apple employees mentioned that this is a really strategic undertaki ng designed to assist Apple go on under Steve’s leading theoretical account even after Steve leaves the company. Most companies look at competence theoretical accounts and engage executive recruiters to measure leading campaigners for sequence. Apple â€Å"thinking different† has taken a page from High-Impact Learning Organization ® playbook. They are capturing the kernel of Apple’s executive public presentation and doctrine in digital signifier for leaders on into the hereafter. The reasonably close Apple University had spent a batch of clip and money capturing the experiences. direction doctrines. proficient accomplishments and rules of Steve Jobs for others to utilize in the hereafter. Harmonizing to Apple. the company founded Apple University in 2008 â€Å"to Teach Apple employees how to believe like Steve Jobs and do determinations he would do. † In many ways it was built to work out the job of â€Å"running Apple after Steve Jobs† – and puting in topographic point the tools and information which helps Apple learn from his corporate 30 old ages of wisdo m. As the in writing above shows. the University is designed around capturing Job’s corporate acquisition and interpreting this into content. plans. and stuffs which Apple employees and leaders can utilize long into the hereafter. Today Apple University is still a kept up secret. it is one of the most advanced and exciting signifiers of sequence direction yet to be seen – Think different about your ain leading and how you can reassign accomplishments and civilization frontward when your leaders leave. How did company choose the replacement to Jobs’ ? â€Å"I knew what I wanted and I realized that Tim and I saw the same things precisely the same manner and we had the same vision† . â€Å"As far as my replacement goes. I strongly recommend that we execute our sequence program and name Tim Cook as CEO of Apple. I have great assurance that Tim and the remainder of the executive direction squad will make a terrific occupation put to deathing the exciting programs we have in topographic point for 2011. † Jobs said in a missive to Apple Board. Publicly. Apple had been preparing Tim Cook for several old ages. Not merely had he already experienced the CEO function. he had been working straight with Jobs on the company’s supply concatenation – so he had a deep apprehension of the internal operations of the company. Cook joined Apple in 1998 as senior frailty president of Operations. Cook worked in operations at Compaq and spent 12 old ages at IBM. At Apple Cook â€Å"was responsible for all of the companyâ€⠄¢s worldwide gross revenues and operations. end-to-end direction of Apple’s supply concatenation. gross revenues activities. and service and support in all markets and states. Cook was besides caput of Apple’s Macintosh division and plays a cardinal function in the continued development of strategic reseller and supplier relationships. guaranting flexibleness in response to an progressively demanding market place. † Cook’s term of office at Apple shed bloated stock lists and whipped the company’s supply concatenation into form. Cook ran daily operations during Jobs’s absence [ in 2009 ] and was praised for his ability to do Apple’s sprawling operations move on clip. He has established himself as the CEO-in-waiting since his stretch pickings over for Mr. Jobs. † Top of Form Bottom of Form Insiders say Cook has already â€Å"been softly running the company for several old ages. Steve is the face of the company and involved with merchandise development but Tim takes all those designs and turns it into a large heap of hard currency for the company. † Cook Aims to Supply Jobs’s ‘Gravitational Force’ at Apple. Besides. Apple’s stockholders express assurance that the company’s freshly anointed main executive. Tim Cook. is the right adult male for the occupation. Mentions: hypertext transfer protocol: //knowledge. Wharton. upenn. edu/article. cfm? articleid=2134 hypertext transfer protocol: //www. bersin. com/blog/post. aspx? id=72a43072-e599-4dd0-9205-d1eacc25f434 hypertext transfer protocol: //www. pcmag. com/article2/0. 2817. 2391818. 00. aspSteve Jobs’ life by ‘Walter Isaacson’ .

Personality Theories free essay sample

Kelly explained personality change as a result of Answer adjusting to environmental pressures. Successive constructions of the replications of events. Question 5 increase the predictability of events. Question 6 Slot movement describes changing to the contrast pole of a construct. Question 7 Is your teacher happy? a student is asked. The student replies, I dont know; I never thought about that. What interpretation from Kellys theory is appropriate? B. The teacher is outside the range of convenience of the students construct happiness. Correct Answer: happiness.Question 8 Despite numerous physical difficulties, artist Friday Kohl believed she could be successful in her work. This is called Answer self-efficacy. Question 9 Michel focuses particularly on variables. Cognitive Question 10 According to Michel, traits contradict describe Question 1 1 behavior. If I ask Jane to go to the movies, will she go, or reject me? This is a question of behavior-outcome expectancies. Question 12 According to Michel, people are not passively controlled by their environment because they can develop to influence their own behavior. We will write a custom essay sample on Personality Theories or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Answer self-regulatory systems Question 13 Michel conducted research on the delay of gratification in Answer children. Question 14 Delay of gratification is easier if the child sees models who delay their own gratification. Question 15 Bandannas concept of describes the mutual influences of the person, the environment, and behavior. Answer reciprocal determinism The main function of the self-system, as described by Bandeau, is to Answer regulate behavior.